John Milton A View of Evil vs. Ignorance Essay - 797 Words

When a person hears Satan, a streak of fear, and the thought of evil arises. People fear Satan, and think of him as evil, but in John Milton’s Paradise Lost, he displays a thought of the Father being the evil being, and Satan a tragic hero. In Paradise Lost, Book 1 and 2, the minor areas where God is shown, He is displayed as hypocritical. He contradicts himself by creating the humans to be of free will, but when Satan displays free will, he is shunned. Satan could be described in many terms, and by many people, but all can be disputed. According to my sources, Satan is displayed as the hero, while God is the evil deity, and Milton was wrong for writing Him as so. In this essay, I will show my thoughts on the subject of Satan as an evil†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Satan is a portrait of rebellion gone wrong, but not of the wrongs of rebellion† (Bryson). Cromwell later diminished, and Charles II was bestowed to King of England, while Satan is still trying to des troy all of God’s creations, and diminish their good moral, and qualities. According to Woodman, â€Å"Evil, as presented by Milton, may be defined as a rebellion against the hierarchy of God’s creation.†, but in my opinion, evil is being immoral and vicious. Satan could be described as evil, but because of his reasons to be evil towards God, I don’t really believe he is evil. He is a spoiled, broken child that wants to get back at the deity that wronged him. His entire existence is to seek revenge on God for throwing him and his apostles out of heaven, and shunning them into Hell. Satan just doesn’t come across as evil in Paradise Lost and Milton describes him as a hero that tried to conquer an evil tyrant. Satan has evil qualities in our stories today, but in Book 1 and 2 of Paradise Lost, he is not considered evil. When a person compares what society thinks of Satan today, and how Milton wrote Satan in Paradise Lost, he is considerably not evil. God is described as the evil one in the story, because of how he allows mankind to have free will, but punishes all who displays free will. In the later books of Paradise Lost, Adam and Eve were punished because ofShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesSouthern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History EricRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesKeep It Close? 438 Case Incident 2 The Persuasion Imperative 439 xvi CONTENTS 14 Conflict and Negotiation 445 A Definition of Conflict 446 Transitions in Conflict Thought 447 The Traditional View of Conflict 447 †¢ The Interactionist View of Conflict 447 †¢ Resolution-Focused View of Conflict 449 The Conflict Process 449 Stage I: Potential Opposition or Incompatibility 450 †¢ Stage II: Cognition and Personalization 451 †¢ Stage III: Intentions 452 †¢ Stage IV: Behavior 454 †¢ Stage V: OutcomesRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesthat it cannot be considered a separate function on a par with † others such as manufacturing or personnel. It is first a central dimension of the entire business. It is the whole business seen from the point of view of its final result, that is, from the customers’ point of view. A significant shift in emphasis since Drucker wrote this is to be found in the importance that is now attached to competitive position in a changing world. Thus, the marketing concept is that managerial orientation

Homelessness The Problem Of Homelessness - 1350 Words

Homelessness There are many parts to the subject of homelessness, of course people talk about the solutions to it like The Ten Year Plan, then there is the history of it starting from the 1640’s. Also there is discussions about Homeless Shelters and more recently Anti-homeless Legislation. Then there are always the staggering statistics. The homeless is a very one minded topic for most. Most people think that the homeless should be helped, cared for, and educated for success. This is true (at least it is politically correct). Although Homelessness started in the 1640’s and has continued to be a problem today, now we have started to criminalize homelessness. There have been Anti-homelessness legislations all over Los Angeles and other areas. These legislations have made it so that†¦ â€Å"For thousands of homeless people across the country living in areas with anti-homeless laws, getting shut-eye could also mean getting handcuffed.† (Couch). There was an appeal to the court on December 6, 2005 between Jones and Los Angeles, The facts underlying this appeal are largely undisputed. Edward Jones, Patricia Vinson, George Vinson, Thomas Cash, Stanley Barger, and Robert Lee Purrie (Appellants) are homeless individuals who live on the streets of Los Angeles s Skid Row district. Appellees are the City of Los Angeles, Los Angeles Police Department (L.A.P.D.) Chief William Bratton, and Captain Charles Beck (Appellees or the City). (Jones v. City of Los Angeles). As peopleShow MoreRelatedHomelessness : The Problem Of Homelessness1479 Words   |  6 Pages Homelessness Do you think the government is really doing enough to fix the issue of homelessness?According to Lee, Dozens of homeless were left with nothing after a local Seattle organization (SHARE) closed its shelters (Lee, â€Å"Dozens of homeless camp out at county building after SHARE closes its shelters†). How could the government just let these people live without shelter? 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English Advanced Journeys free essay sample

The Internal Journey; the journey within has been the subject of great cogitation and contemplation throughout academic discussion. Through scrutiny of Ivan Kens film Beneath Clouds and Stephen Cashbooks Perks of Being a Wallflower we begin to see aspects of the affiliation between the Internal Journey and alternate Journeys. Today, ladies and gentlemen I argue that the inner journey is the central and pinnacle of all conceived journeys, that all other journeys, work to shape and determine the monumental and paramount internal Journey.The idea of the inner journey being molded by other journeys is immediately noticeable through the lead male characters in both Beneath Clouds and the Perks of Being a Wallflower. Vaughn portrays himself as a being that lacks emotion and disregards a relationship with his family, however throughout the film we realism that he is a highly emotional character that attempts to uphold an external image of a hoodlum. We will write a custom essay sample on English Advanced Journeys or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Evidence of this can be seen through his carving In the tree, and his Instinctive denial of his sensitive actions when asked by a fellow Inmate.The close up of the Country Meats sign and the caged horse as Vaughn observes Is also symbolic and is a metaphor for Vaughn life and how he views his predestined future. He feels trapped and predetermined for death. As the character of Vaughn develops we realism that he faces an intense conflicting internal Journey, which he seeks to resolve through a physical journey to visit his mother. Charlies character from the Perks of Being a Wallflower is also unique, in the nature hat he is strongly defined and characterized by his inner journey and personal conflict.While extremely Intelligent, Charlie Is described as a shy, introspective child and serves as the epitome of the teenager who struggles to express and convey emotion. The format of the text is set In letters Charlie writes to an imaginary friend as seen with the repetition In Dear friend and Love always, Charlie. This symbolisms Charlies isolation and social awkwardness, and signifies the notion that the inner journey is undertaken in solitude.This is also evident in Beneath Clouds, with repetitive long shots of an open barren space, showing a bland and desolated landscape further symbolism of the detached internal journey. Ultimately, Ch arlies inner Journey is personalized and shaped by his physical and emotional Journey with Sam, through adolescence and school. The inner confliction the two female protagonists face is also indicative of the internal Journey being determined by the physical and emotional Journeys. In Beneath Clouds, Lena faces an identity crisis.Lena contemplates her racial ancestry and struggles between her Aboriginal and Irish heritage. Evidence of this can be seen from the quote to her mother Youre a disgrace, clearly showing her disgust to not only to her mother, but to her Aboriginal descent, through the use of an emphatic symbolic metaphor for Lenss life, and how she perceives herself as lifeless and ravaged. Conclusively, she longs and proceeds to undertake a physical Journey in an attempt to resolve her internal hardship. Similar to Sam in Perks of Being aWallflower, Lenss Journey with love is arduous. Through her cladding ring, we deduce that she is looking for love, specifically from her father and what she sees as her homeland Ireland. Cams quest for love is slightly antithetical; however both constitute an intense inner Journey. Why do l, and everyone I love, pick people that treat us like were nothing. In this quote we can see Cams frustration in her choices in life; however a relationship blossoms between her and Charlie when he replies We accept the love we think we deserve.This shows their empathetic relationship with each other and sparks growth as the inner Journey begins to become a shared emotional Journey. Can a consensus be made that the inner Journey is determined and constructed through substitute Journeys? Is the inner Journey contingent to the mercy of alternate journeys? Or is the internal Journey autonomous and intrinsic in nature that it exists as the sole and only Journey. I leave you ladies and gentlemen, with that deliberation.

Levels of Government

Comparing and Contrasting Levels of the Government Various disparities exist in the distribution and spending, not only between the various levels of governance, but also within each level. However, a relationship exists between finance and budgeting in public organization and the level at which a governmental organization is operating.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Levels of Government specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a way of example, as Yilmaz et al. reckons, â€Å"State’s and local government’s general revenues averaged $5,851 per capita and ranged from $4,694 per person in Arizona to $11,246 in Alaska for FY 2002† (2002, p.10). Additionally, the general spending of the government was about $4,746 for every resident of Arizona to $13,172 for every Alaskan. Such disparities are perhaps indicative of the myriads of fiscal decisions that states need to either consider subject to necessi ty or alternatively out of preference in an endeavor to escalate revenues depending on the underplaying conditions. Because of these disparities, the finance and budgeting in public organization suffers in the sense that the state and federal governments have a prerogative to ensure a more even distribution of the government expenditure in the provision of essential services. Yet, at the local government level, the revenue generation and or expenditures might be significantly different. The revenue and the expenditures at various levels of governance may change depending on the resource endowments and or the productivity. Increased expenditure translates to a need to raise more revenue to fund the expensive programs. Consequently, as Yilmaz et al. (2002) categorically states, â€Å"high revenues and expenditures reflect both the relatively painless cost to residents of raising revenues by taxing natural resources† (p.10). The functions of the government organizations predomin antly rest on the need to ensure a more unified distribution of wealth across all states. However, the functions of government organizations depend on individualized finance and budgeting plans.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, states and their local governments may end up making decisions that would enable them hike their revenues to fund their differing budgets differently. One such ample strategy would entail focusing on increasing revenues and cutting on the expenditures. According to Yilmaz et al. (2002), one can achieve such a strategy by â€Å"promoting tax base growth or reducing long-term Costs of public service delivery† (p.11). More often, states normally have fewer options available to them to ensure that they are able to cut costs or rather cut programs to enhance the increment of the tax rates in an endeavor to balance their budgets. Moreover, demogr aphic economic traits immensely contribute to how states, federal and the local governments arrive at the necessary decision for raising revenues and cutting costs. The key expenditures on the key government budgets appear within the various functions that the various levels execute. However, some clashes exist, meaning that some service provisions fall under the hands of several levels of government. According to IRS (2010), Federal governments deal with â€Å"Defense, currency regulation, and foreign relations† (Para 3). In addition, the federal government â€Å"has a responsibility to health, education, welfare, transportation, and housing and urban development† (Para 3). Their budget must the incorporate all these expenditures. On the other hand, states’ government has noble roles in allocating funds for the enforcement of â€Å"state criminal code, working conditions, internal communications, and regulations of the property, industry, business, and public utilities† (Para 3). Finally, the local government budgets incorporate items such as housing, police, health regulations, public transportation, fire protection and education amongst others. Evidently, some similar expenditure appears in two or more levels of government. Revenues and expenditures relate to different levels of government differently. One common trait among all levels of government is that they raise income through the taxation of the citizens.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Levels of Government specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the decision on how and on what to impose a tax is a decision made by every level of government independently. Good part of the federal government revenue comes from income taxes. Local and states taxes come from transaction taxes and property taxes. Reference List IRS. (2010). Understanding Taxes. Retrieved from https://apps.irs.gov/app/understandingTaxes/i ndex.jsp Yilmaz, Y., Hoo, S., Nagowski, M., Rueben, K., Tannenwald, R. (2002). Measuring fiscal disparities across the U.S. States: a representative revenue system/ representative expenditure system approach fiscal year 2002. Washington: The Urban Institute. This essay on Levels of Government was written and submitted by user Camilo F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Family Responsibilities and Discrimination

Family Responsibilities and Discrimination The purpose of this essay will be to discuss the family responsibilities that might affect the progression of women into senior management positions within organizations and businesses that are in the hospitality industry. The essay will look at the work-life balance initiatives that working women can be able to use to progress in their careers. Over the years, more and more women have joined the labour market electing to relegate the role of being a mother and homemaker to the back (ILO 2004).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Family Responsibilities and Discrimination specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More More women have now joined the global work force with a growing number of this population taking up managerial positions within different organizations around the world. Industries such as the hospitality sector have recorded high numbers of women employees who have decided to balance between their work and families to a chieve career progression (Davidson and Burke 2002). Despite the number of women employees in management positions increasing by over 60 percent in the past decade, the general number of women in senior management positions has continued to remain small over time (Powell and Graves 2003). A survey conducted by Fortune magazine in 1992 showed that women who were in senior management positions within organizations accounted for only 4.8 percent. The major reason that was given for this small number was that women in managerial positions were being stereotyped against by the society which still viewed the role of a woman as being that of a mother and homemaker (Witz 1997). The general attitude of women as employees may have changed overtime but women are still perceived as less suited for managerial positions when compared to men. According to organizational researchers, the differences that exist between male and female managers that make it difficult for women to gain senior manageri al positions within organizations include the poor self confidence in women, the emotional instability of women, their lack of inconsistency and poor leadership capabilities. Such assumptions have made it difficult for women to gain managerial positions within organizations (Padevic and Reskin 2002). According to a report released by People 1st on female workers within the hospitality industry, 310,000 female workers were reported to have left hospitality industry sectors such as leisure, travel and tourism sectors every year around the world. This meant that the hospitality industry lost  £2.8 billion every year as a result of replacement recruitment programs and also additional training to ensure that the employees were conversant with their work duties.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The report highlighted five major barriers that prevented women from advanci ng to senior management roles within the hospitality industry which included the challenge of balancing between work and family, gender bias and inequality in the work place especially in the case of female head chefs and sous chefs, poor networking on the part of women, a lack of visible women in managerial positions within the hospitality industry and a dominant male culture for certain positions within the industry especially in the case of hospitality where most managers and head chefs have been predominantly male (Bracken 2010). According to a study conducted by Ismail and Ibrahim (2008) of 78 women executives working for a Multinational oil company in Malaysia, the family responsibilities that prevented them from advancing to senior management positions within the company included taking care of the children and the home, adding nutritional content to their family meals, building a stronger bond with the children and husband, maintaining family ties within the household, ensur ing that the children have emotional stability within the home, ensuring that there was a strong psychological foundation in the home setting where concern, understanding and encouragement from the female parent was deemed to be important to the children, ensure that the children were developing and growing intellectually, ensure that there was behavioural support in child care activities and ensuring that the work-family balance was properly maintained. Such family responsibilities according to the study were identified to be the major reasons why many of the women in executive positions within the oil company were unable to advance to more senior managerial positions (Ismail and Ibrahim 2008). Women executives who hold managerial positions in the hospitality and leisure industry face a lot of discrimination which makes it difficult for them to advance to more senior management positions within organizations (Wirth 2001). This discrimination is usually in the form of negative stere otyping where societal protagonists argue that women tend to place the needs of their families first before any work considerations. Because they have a home and children to take care of, they lose time concentrating on their families which means that they allocate a small amount of time to their work duties making them unsuitable for managerial positions which require a lot of work time. Another form of negative stereotyping that prevents women from holding senior managerial positions is that women are very emotional and they are unable to separate their feelings from their work duties (Clements and Spinks 2009). Their inability to separate their emotions from their work makes it difficult for them to hold managerial positions which require executives to be devoid of any emotions when they perform their work duties. Their inability to control emotional feelings also makes it difficult for them to take criticism or negative feedback well especially if it is related to their work per formance. They also lack aggressiveness which is necessary in most managerial positions especially when dealing with complex business transactions such as mergers and acquisitions. Such discrimination and negative stereotyping makes it difficult for many women who want managerial positions to achieve a breakthrough through in their work place as they are treated differently from their male colleagues (Thomson and Graham 2005).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Family Responsibilities and Discrimination specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Work-life balancing involves achieving a proper prioritization between work where career progression and ambition are involved and life where aspects such as pleasure, leisure and family are involved. The individual’s needs, experiences and life goals are usually considered when determining how the balance will be achieved between the aspects of work and life (Kodz et al 2002). It should however be understood that work-life balance does not provide strategies that can be used to provide an equal balance in time units which are necessary in performing work and life activities. Work-life balance provides an opportunity for individuals to be able to manage the various aspects of the jobs and personal life that they deem to be important (Clutterbuck 2003). In the hospitality industry, achieving a work-life balance is a complex exercise given the long and unsocial hours that most employees are required to work. The strict work rules also make it difficult for employees especially women to balance between their families and their work. The high turnover rates that exist in the hospitality industry also make it difficult for female employees to manage their work-life balance activities effectively (Ross 2005). The poor job attitudes that exist among employees in the hospitality sector have contributed greatly to the high employee turnover rates that have been exper ienced by many businesses in the industry. Poor job satisfaction has also contributed to high turnover rates in the hospitality industry especially among female employees who find the poor working conditions and poor pay in most hospitality businesses such as hotels and restaurants to be unbearable. Such conditions have made it difficult for women workers to develop suitable work-life balance strategies and initiatives that would make it possible for them to achieve work-life balance (Deery and Jago 2009). There are many strategies and initiatives that exist which can be used to help women achieve career progression within the hospitality industry. Many of these work-life balance initiatives have focused on the aspect of time flexibility and work scheduling which is important in achieving a work-life balance (Hyman and Summers 2004).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such work-life initiatives include job sharing where job duties that are meant for one person are shared amongst two or more people (Doherty 2004). For example in the hospitality industry, hotels could incorporate job sharing in housekeeping, visitor entertainment and administrative activities for most of their female workers (Deery 2008). Other work-life balance strategies that can be incorporated by businesses in the hospitality industry include parental leave where women employees are given off days to take care of their families, paid special leave time to take care of children or to study (Smith and Gardner 2007), working from home especially for women administrators that have children in need of constant care, telecommuting or part time work where the number of hours worked in a day are reduced from eight hours to four or five hours, flexible starting and finishing work hours (Wang and Walumbwa 2007), child care benefits such as baby day care facilities within the work place a nd the buying/controlling of time where employees are paid according to the number of hours they have worked (Roberts 2007). Such initiatives, if properly utilised within the hospitality industry, will ensure that more women are able to achieve a work-life balance enabling them to take up senior managerial positions within the industry. References Bracken, M., (2010) Over 300,000 female workers leave the hospitality industry every  year. Available at:  http://craftguildofchefs.org/over-300000-female-workers-leave-hospitality-industry-every-year-finds-research Clements, P. and Spinks, T. (2009) The Equal Opportunities Handbook. London, UK: Kogan Page. Clutterbuck, D. (2003) Managing work-life balance. London, UK: CIPD. Davidson, M.J., and Burke, R.J. (2002) Women in Management. London, UK: Sage. Deery, M. (2008) Talent management, work-life balance and retention strategies.  International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 20, No. 7, pp 23–28. Deery, M . and Jago, L. (2009) A framework for work–life balance practices: addressing  the needs of the tourism industry. Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol. 9, pp  97-108 Doherty, L. (2004) Work–life balance initiatives: Implications for women. Employee  Relations, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp 433–452. Hyman, J. and Summers, J. (2004) Lacking balance? Work-life employment practices in the modern economy. Personnel Review, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 418-429. International Labour Office (ILO) (2004) Breaking through the glass ceiling. Geneva: ILO. Ismail, M., and Ibrahim, M., (2008) Barriers to career progression faced by women: evidence from a Malaysian multinational oil company. Gender in Management:  An International Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp 51-66. Kodz, J., Harper, S. and Dench, S. (2002) Work-life balance: Beyond the rhetoric. Brighton, UK: Institute for Employment Studies. Padevic, L. and Reskin, B. (2002) Women and men at work. 2nd Edition. London, UK: Pineforge Pres s. Powell, G.N., and Graves, L.M., (2003) Women and men in management, 3rd Edition. London UK: Sage Publications. Roberts, K. (2007) Work–life balance: the sources of the contemporary problem and the portable outcomes. Employee Relations, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp 334–351. Ross, G. (2005) Tourism industry employee work stress: a present and future crisis.  Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, Vol. 19, No. 2, Issue. 3, pp 133–147. Thomson, P. and Graham, J. (2005) A woman’s place is in the boardroom. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. Smith, J. and Gardner, D. (2007) Factors effecting employee use of work–life balance initiatives. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp 3–12. Wang, P. and Walumbwa, F. (2007) Family-friendly programs, organizational commitment, and work withdrawal: The moderating role of transformational leadership. Personnel Psychology, Vol. 60, pp 397–427. Wirth, L. (2001) Breaking through the glass ceiling: W omen in management. Geneva: International Labour Office. Witz, A. (1997) Women and work. In Robinson, V. Richardson, D. (eds) (1997)  Introducing women’s studies: Feminist theory and practice, 2nd Edition. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Java Identifier Definition and Examples

Java Identifier Definition and Examples A Java identifier is a name given to a package, class, interface, method, or variable. It allows a programmer to refer to the item from other places in the program. To make the most out of the identifiers you choose, make them meaningful and follow the standard Java naming conventions. Examples of Java Identifiers If you have variables that hold the name, height, and weight of a person, then choose identifiers that make their purpose obvious: String name Homer Jay Simpson; int weight 300; double height 6; System.out.printf(My name is %s, my height is %.0f foot and my weight is %d pounds. Doh!%n, name, height, weight); This to Remember About Java Identifiers Since there are some strict syntax, or grammatical rules when it comes to Java identifiers (dont worry, they arent hard to understand), make sure youre aware of these dos and dont: Reserved words  like class, continue, void, else, and if cannot be used.Java letters is the term given to the acceptable letters that can be used for an identifier. This includes not only regular alphabet letters but also symbols, which just includes, without exception, the underscore (_) and dollar sign ($).Java digits include the numbers 0-9.An identifier can begin with a letter, dollar sign, or underscore, but not a digit. However, its important to realize that digits  can  be used so long as they exist after the first character, like e8xmpleJava letters and digits can be anything from the Unicode character set, which means characters in Chinese, Japanese, and other languages can be used.Spaces are not acceptable, so an underscore can be used instead.The length does not matter, so you can have a really long identifier if you choose.A compile-time error will occur if the identifier uses the same spelling as a keyword, the null literal, or boolean literal.Since the list of SQL keywords may, at some point in the future, include other SQL words (and identifiers cant be spelled the same as a keyword), its usually not recommended that you use an SQL keyword as an identifier. Its recommended to use identifiers that are related to their values so theyre easier to remember.Variables are case-sensitive, which means myvalue does not mean the same as MyValue Note:  If youre in a hurry, just take away the fact that an identifier is one or more characters that come from the pool of numbers, letters, the underscore, and the dollar sign, and that the first character must never be a number. Following the rules above, these identifiers would be considered legal: _variablename_3variable$testvariableVariableTestvariabletestthis_is_a_variable_name_that_is_long_but_still_valid_because_of_the_underscoresmax_value Here are some examples of identifiers that are not valid because they disobey the rules mentioned above: 8example(this starts off with a digit)exaple (the plus sign isnt allowed)variable test (spaces are not valid)this_long_variable_name_is_not_valid_because_of_this-hyphen(while the underscores are acceptable like in the example from above, even the one hyphen in this identifier renders it invalid)

Tax Accounting II Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tax Accounting II Case - Essay Example Schneider as his tax professional in the latest filing of his income tax returns.1 The accountant may be considered to have knowledge of things done in the past about deducting the cost of artwork as part of deductible expenses. As to whether there could be tax assessment by IRS because of possibly underreported income due to higher reported expenses in the past, the same should be viewed as tax avoidance because there was really no intention to avoid or cheat on taxes. Moreover, it could be inferred from the case fact that claiming the cost of artworks as deductible business expense is allowed if treated or given as a kind of employee compensation.2 The difference between tax avoidance and tax evasion is that the former is legal as a way to reduce tax but the latter is against the law because there is an intention to defraud the government for the correct payment of taxes. In the case of Mr. Conor, he did not intend not to pay taxes, he claimed in good faith the cost artwork as business expense with the presumed knowledge of the accountant although the latter failed to object in previous years. In tax avoidance, which is a legitimate minimizing of taxes, the taxpayer should use methods approved by the IRS.3 Mr. Conor was only lacking in knowledge of method on how deduction could be made legitimate. Thus his CPA said that expense is allowed if given as employee compensation. It would have been tax evasion if Mr. Conor was not allowed at all to have claimed as expense the cost of artworks. The same would amount to reporting expenses that are not allowed and thereby understating income and the related tax. The fact also that half of the cost of artwork was now claimed in the latest tax return with the consent of the CPA should support the argument that the method used earlier was an allowed by and therefore a tax avoidance was more applicable than tax evasion.4 This researcher views that Mr. Schneider has not fully complied with the professional norms of